The amazing dual behaviour of hydrogen.

Hydrogen's dual behaviour is amazing is as follows : Resemblance with alkali metals : a. Electronic configuration : The valence shell electron configuration of hydrogen and alkali metals are similar i.e. ns^1 b. Formation of unipositive ion : Hydrogen as well as alkali metals lose one electron to form unipositive ions. c. Formation of oxides , halides and sulphides : Just like alkali metals hydrogen combines with electronegative elements such as oxygen , halogen and sulphur forming oxide , halide and sulphide respectively. Example : Na2O NaCl Na2S H2O HCl H2S d. Reducing character : List , alkali metals hydrogen also acts as reducing agent. CuO + H2 --^--> Cu + H2O ; B2O3 + 6K ---^--> 3K2O + 2B Resemblance with halogens : a. Electron configuration : Both have one electron less than that of preceding inert gas configuration. b. Atomicity : Like halogen, hydrogen forms diatomic molecule too. For example, Cl2, Br2, I2 etc. c. Ionization enthalpy : Hydrogen as well as halogens both have higher ionization enthalpies. H 1312 kJ/mol F 1680 kJ/mol Cl 1255 kJ/mol d. Formation of uninegative ion : Both hydrogen as well as halogens have the tendency to gain one electron to form uninegative ion so as to have the nearest noble gas electronic cofiguration. e. Formation of hydrides and covalent compounds. Hydrogen as well as halogens combine with elements to form hydrides and a larger number of covalent compounds. For example : CCl SiCl4 CH4 NaCl SiH4 NaH

HYDROGEN COMPOUNDS

Hydrogen in atomic form consist of one proton and one electron but , in elemental form it exists as a atomic ( H2 ) molecule . H2 is called as dihydrogen. Position of hydrogen in the periodic table : Hydrogen is the first element of the periodic table as its atomic number is 1 . The single electron is present in the K shell i.e 1s1

The real growth in Neuroscience

Neuroscience is advancing rapidly. Nobody's questioning that. Brain-computer interfaces, optogenetics, transcranial magnetic stimulation—there's a lot of good stuff out there. With respect to applications, a gaggle of neurotechnology startups are already starting to chip away at some curious corners of the medical technology space. But is the market ready? And more importantl y, is the science ready? This piece gives us some relatively concrete projection s on market readiness and financial/ scientific feasibility for a handful of emerging technologi es . I'm a bit more conservat ive than the authors, though. Mainstrea m optogene tic implants in humans by 2026? Even if neuroscie nce does manage to wrangle $4.5 billion in extra funding over the next twelve years, I don't see this happenin g. { Optogenetic implants in humans: The combination of genetic and optical methods to control specific events in targeted cells of living tissue, even within freely moving mammals and other animals, with the temporal precision (millisecond timescale) needed to keep pace with functioning intact biological systems. Scientifically viable in 2021; mainstream and financially viable in 2026.

Really very hot stuff : Pepper

You know that tingling, numbing sensation you get from Sichuan peppers? It turns out that 'tingling' and 'numbing' might actually be the best way to describe it. A series of recent studies has shown that the relevant ingredient in the peppers targets neurons that respond to touch and vibration, thereby triggering the buzzing perception. What's more is that evidence suggests we all feel those tingling vibrations at the same frequency. (It's around a low G.) If only science was always this spicy. { The task for the tingling volunteers was to try to match the peppery vibrations in their mouths to the vibrations they could feel in their fingertips as the researchers dialed the frequency of the box up or down — "They are closing their eyes and they're saying 'higher' or 'lower,' so it's kind of a bizarre situation," says Hagura — until the Sichuan buzz and the mechanical buzz converged on the same frequency, which turns out to be 50 hertz.