Rock fragmentation by mining

Rock fragmentation by explosivesin mines and quarries aims“to access the desired resource and separate it from the unwanted material (waste) with which it is mixed, using the least energy or expenditure possible”, as already stated in a previous article. The explosives basically replaced the use of human or mechanical strength aiming at fragmenting the rock in order to access the desired material. The explosives significantly upgrade the efficiency ratio during the extraction and beneficiation stages of the mining cycle.A Typical Blasting Operation To keep it simple, to mine an area (or more likely a volume of rock) in a surface mine or in a quarry, you will: *.Drill holes regularly along a selected pattern (depending on hole diameter, on rock characteristics, amongst others) *.Locate a detonator down the hole. Whatever the selected technology (non electric, electric, electronic detonators), don’t forget to keep the extremity of the cable (or of the tube) on the surface *.Fill the holes with a certain quantity of explosive product (in bulk or/and in cartridges) in line with your operational objectives, context and constraints (safety, legal compliance with environmental regulations) *.Tap the holes with a certain quantity of drilling cuttings, sand or gravel: this is the stemming stage ; a critical step in the loading process, mitigating fly-rocks risk, crater effect, noise and allowing a better concentration of the energy inside and around the hole *.Start then another critical step: the connection of the detonators (the wiring). Detonators are connected in a predefined order which is decided during the sequence creation step *.A large area around the blast is cleared of all people, mobile equipment and vehicles. Safety distance is defined by legal regulations and site rules which are often stricter *.A programming step starts when electronic detonators are used. The non electric and electric detonators are pre-set timing devices and consequently don’t require any programming action *.After the site alarm has been rung, the blast is triggered from a safe distance by the chief blaster, usually protected by a shelter *.The site alarm is rung again along a different sequence to inform the blast operation is overEffects of an Explosion & Rock Fragmentation Mechanism As described to About Mining by Dr. Thierry Bernard, a worldwide renowned blasting consultant and inventor of unique blasting simulation engineering software:“Without going into details, the description of the effects of an explosion can be split up as follows: 1.The charge explodes and it is split up into high-pressure, high-temperature gases 2.The gases are applied to the borehole, which contains them and creates a strain field in the rock 3.This strain field, due to its impulse nature, creates a strain wave that is propagated in the rock and damages it 4.This damage is the centre of the cracks in the rock 5.The gas pressure is reduced via the cracks thus separating the rock fragments 6.The pressure of these gases applied to the face of the fragments, produces forces that propel the fragments 7.The fragments adopt a ballistic trajectory 1.In areas where the damage to the rock was not sufficient to create fragments, the strain wave continues its trajectory until it runs out of energy that dissipates by making the rock vibrate.”Measuring Rock Fragmentation Fragmentation analysis software tools allow the quantification and size estimation of the fragmentation and deliver a size distribution of rock either from sample images taken on a muck pile, a truck tipper or a conveyor belt.

Bio-Mining

Biominingis an approach to the extraction of desired mineralsfrom ores. Microorganismsare used to leach out the minerals, rather than the traditional methods of extreme heat or toxic chemicals, which have a deleterious effect on the environment. Overview The development of industrial mineral processing has been established now in several countries including South Africa, Braziland Australia. Iron-and sulfur-oxidizing microorganisms are used to release occluded copper, goldand uraniumfrom mineral sulfides. Most industrial plants for biooxidation of gold-bearing concentrates have been operated at 40 °C with mixed cultures of mesophilicbacteria of the genera Acidithiobacillusor Leptospirillum ferrooxidans. In subsequent studies the dissimulatory iron-reducing archaea Pyrococcus furiosusand Pyrobaculum islandicumwere shown to reduce gold chloride to insoluble gold. UsingBacteriasuch as Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidansto leach copperfrom mine tailingshas improved recovery rates and reduced operating costs. Moreover, it permits extraction from low grade ores - an important consideration in the face of the depletion of high grade ores. The potential applications of biotechnology to mining and processing are countless. Some examples of past projects in biotechnology include a biologically assisted in situmining program, biodegradation methods, passive bioremediation of acid rock drainage, and bioleaching of ores and concentrates. This research often results in technology implementation for greater efficiency and productivity or novel solutions to complex problems. Additional capabilities include the bioleaching of metals from sulfide materials, phosphate ore bioprocessing, and the bioconcentration of metals from solutions. One project recently under investigation is the use of biological methods for the reduction of sulfur in coal-cleaning applications. From in situ mining to mineral processing and treatment technology, biotechnology provides innovative and cost-effective industry solutions. The potential of thermophilicsulfide-oxidizing archaea in copper extraction has attracted interest due to the efficient extraction of metals from sulfide ores that are recalcitrant to dissolution. Microbial leachingis especially useful for copper ores because copper sulfate, formed during the oxidation of copper sulfide ores is very water-soluble. Approximately 25% of all copper mined worldwide is now obtained from leaching processes. The acidophilicarchaea Sulfolobus metallicusand Metallosphaera sedulatolerate up to 4% of copper and have been exploited for mineral biomining. Between 40 and 60% copper extraction was achieved in primary reactors and more than 90% extraction in secondary reactors with overall residence times of about 6 days. The oxidation of the ferrous ion (Fe2+) to the ferric ion (Fe3+) is an energy producing reaction for some microorganisms. As only a small amount of energy is obtained, large amounts of (Fe2+) have to be oxidized. Furthermore, (Fe3+) forms the insolubleFe(OH) 3precipitate in H2O. Many Fe2+oxidizing microorganisms also oxidize sulfur and are thus obligate acidophiles that further acidify the environment by the production of H2SO4. This is due in part to the fact that at neutral pH Fe2+is rapidly oxidizedchemically in contact with the air. In these conditions there is not enough Fe2+to allow significant growth. At low pH, however, Fe2+is much more stable. This explains why most of the Fe2+oxidizing microorganisms are only found in acidic environments and are obligate acidophiles. The best studied Fe2+oxidizing bacterium is Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans, an acidophililic chemolithotroph.

Neuromyelitis optica

Devic's disease Classification and external resources ICD- 10 G 36.0 ICD- 9 341.0 DiseasesDB 29470 MeSH D009471 Neuromyelitis optica(NMO), also known asDevic's diseaseorDevic's syndrome, is an heterogeneous conditionconsisting of recurrent and simultaneous inflammationand demyelinationof the optic nerve ( optic neuritis) and the spinal cord ( myelitis). Currently at least two different causes are proposed based on the presence of autoantibodies against AQP4. AQP4+ NMO is currently considered an autoimmune disease(autoimmune astrocytopathy, or autoimmune astrocytic channelopathy) in which a person's own immune systemattacks the astrocytes of the optic nervesand spinal cord. The cause of the AQP4- variants is unknown. Although inflammation may also affect the brain, the lesions are different from those observed in the related condition, multiple sclerosis. [ 1 ]Spinal cord lesions lead to varying degrees of weaknessor paralysisin the legs or arms, loss of sensation (including blindness), [ 2 ]and/or bladderand boweldysfunction. [ 3 ] Devic's disease is a rare disorder which resembles multiple sclerosis(MS) in several ways, but requires a different course of treatment for optimal results. [ 3 ]It has also been suggested to be a variant form of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis. [ 4 ] In AQP+ variants, CNS astrocytes, which are the basis for the glymphatic system [ 5 ]are the target of the autoimmune attack. Symptoms The main symptoms of Devic's disease are loss of visionand spinal cord function. Optic neuritismay manifest as visual impairment with decreased visual acuity, although visual fielddefects, or loss of color visionmay occur in isolation or prior to formal loss of acuity. Spinal cord dysfunction can lead to muscle weakness, reduced sensation, or loss of bladderand bowel control. [ 6 ]The typical patient has an acuteand severe spastic weaknessof the legs ( paraparesis) or all four limbs ( quadriparesis) with sensory signs, often accompanied by loss of bladder control. Mechanism Devic's disease is similar to MS in that the body's immune systemattacks the myelinsurrounding nerve cells. Unlike standard MS, the attacks are not believed to be mediated by the immune system's T cells, but rather by antibodiescalled NMO- IgG, or simply NMO antibodies. These antibodies target the protein aquaporin 4in the cell membranesof astrocyteswhich acts as a channel for the transport of water across the cell membrane. [ 3 ]Aquaporin 4 is found in the processes of the astrocytes that surround the blood–brain barrier, a system responsible for preventing substances in the blood from crossing into the brain. The blood–brain barrier is weakened in Devic's disease, but it is currently unknown how the NMO-IgG immune response leads to demyelination. Most research into the pathology of Devic's disease has focused on the spinal cord. The damage can range from inflammatorydemyelination to necroticdamage of the whiteand grey matters. The inflammatory lesions in Devic's disease have been classified as type II lesions( complement-mediated demyelinization), but they differ from MS pattern II lesions in their prominent perivascular distribution. Therefore, the pattern of inflammation is often quite distinct from that seen in MS. [ 3 ] [ 7 ] Diagnosis The Mayo Clinicproposed a revised set of criteria for diagnosis of Devic's disease in 2006.

Cerebral Edema

Cerebral edemaorcerebral œdemais excess accumulation of fluid in the intracellularor extracellularspaces of the brain. Causes Cerebral edema can result from brain traumaor from nontraumatic causes such as ischemic stroke, cancer, or brain inflammation due to meningitisor encephalitis). [ 1 ]The blood–brain barrier(BBB) or the blood– cerebrospinal fluid(CSF) barrier may break down, allowing fluid to accumulate in the brain's extracellular space. Altered metabolismmay cause brain cells to retain water, and dilution of the blood plasmamay cause excess water to move into brain cells. Fast travel to high altitude without proper acclimatizationcan cause high-altitude cerebral edema (HACE). Symptoms Certain changes in morphologyare associated with cerebral edema: the brain becomes soft and smooth and overfills the cranial vault, gyri(ridges) become flattened, sulci(grooves) become narrowed, and ventricular cavitiesbecome compressed. Symptoms include nausea, vomiting, blurred vision, faintness, and in severe cases, seizuresand coma. If herniationoccurs, respiratory symptoms or respiratory arrestcan also occur due to compression of the respiratory center. Research Many studies of the mechanical properties of brain edema were conducted in the 2000s, most of them based on finite element analysis(FEA), a widely used numerical method in solid mechanics. For example, Gao and Ang used the finite element method to study changes in intracranial pressure during craniotomy operations. [ 2 ]A second line of research on the condition looks at thermal conductivity, which is related to tissue water content. [ 3 ] Types Four types of cerebral edema have been identified: [ 4 ] Vasogenic Vasogenic edema occurs due to a breakdown of the tight endothelial junctions that make up the blood–brain barrier. This allows intravascular proteins and fluid to penetrate into the parenchymal extracellular space. Once plasma constituents cross the barrier, the edema spreads; this may be quite rapid and extensive. As water enters white matter, it moves extracellularly along fiber tracts and can also affect the gray matter. This type of edema may result from trauma, tumors, focal inflammation, late stages of cerebral ischemiaand hypertensive encephalopathy. Mechanisms contributing to blood–brain barrier dysfunction include physical disruption by arterial hypertensionor trauma, and tumor-facilitated release of vasoactiveand endothelialdestructive compounds (e.g. arachidonic acid, excitatory neurotransmitters, eicosanoids, bradykinin, histamine, and free radicals). Subtypes of vasogenic edema include: Hydrostatic cerebral edema This form of cerebral edema is seen in acute, malignant hypertension. It is thought to result from direct transmission of pressure to cerebral capillarieswith transudationof fluid from the capillariesinto the extravascular compartment. Cerebral edema from brain cancer Cancerous glial cells( glioma) of the brain can increase secretion of vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF), which weakens the junctions of the blood–brain barrier. Dexamethasonecan be of benefit in reducing VEGF secretion.

GaneshScience: Auspicious natural science.

GaneshScience: Auspicious natural science.: Natural sciencesare the empirical sciencesendeavoring to explain or predict nature's phenomena. (Other empirical sciences— cognitive sci...

Auspicious natural science.

Natural sciencesare the empirical sciencesendeavoring to explain or predict nature's phenomena. (Other empirical sciences— cognitive scienceslike artificial intelligence, behavioral scienceslike psychology, and social scienceslike economics—more directly focus on human and, in similitude, robotic functions and experiences.) There are five branches of natural science: astronomy, biology, chemistry, the Earth sciencesand physics. [ 1 ] [ 2 ]In recent years, a new domain called materials sciencehas emerged.[ citation needed]Each domain collaborates experimental/observational and theoretical/mathematical divisions. Via Western society's analytic tradition, the empirical and especially natural sciences heavily borrow tools from formal sciences, such as mathematics and logic—which concern abstract truths via relations among ideas—while history and humanitiesin turn borrow methods from empirical and even natural sciences. Yet empirical sciences relying more on qualitative research, such as social sciences, are sometimes called " soft science", whereas natural sciences, insofar as emphasizing quantifiabledata produced, tested, and confirmed via scientific methodare sometimes called " hard science". [ 3 ] Usually traced, especially via Aristotle, to ancient Greece, natural science succeeds natural philosophy, which Galileogave an experimental turn, Descartesgave a mechanicalturn, and Newtongave a mathematicalturn. Still, philosophical perspectives, conjectures, and presuppositions, often overlooked, remain requisite in natural science. [ 4 ]Systematic data collection, including discovery science, succeed natural history, which emerged in the 16th century by describing and classifying plants, animals, minerals, and so on. [ 5 ]Yet today,natural historysuggests observational descriptions aimed at popular audiences. [ 6 ] Criteria Main article: Philosophy of science Philosophers of science have suggested a number of criteria, including the Karl Popper's controversial falsifiabilitycriterion, to help them differentiate scientific endeavors from a non-scientific ones. Validity, accuracy, and social mechanisms ensuring quality control, such as peer reviewand repeatability of findings, are amongst the most respected criteria in present-day global scientific community. Branches of natural science Biology Main article: Biology A fragment of DNA, the chemical sequence that contains geneticinstructions for the developmentand functioning of living organisms This field encompasses a set of disciplines that examines phenomena related to living organisms. The scale of study can range from sub-component biophysicsup to complex ecologies. Biology is concerned with the characteristics, classificationand behaviorsof organisms, as well as how specieswere formed and their interactions with each other and the environment. The biological fields of botany, zoology, and medicinedate back to early periods of civilization, while microbiologywas introduced in the 17th century with the invention of the microscope. However, it was not until the 19th century that biology became a unified science. Once scientists discovered commonalities between all living things, it was decided they were best studied as a whole. Some key developments in biology were the discovery of genetics; Darwin'stheory of evolutionthrough natural selection; the germ theory of diseaseand the application of the techniques of chemistryand physicsat the level of the cellor organic molecule.

Maharashtra University of Health Sciences

Established3 June 1998 TypeGovernment University ChancellorK. Sankaranarayanan Vice-ChancellorDr. Arun Jamkar RegistrarDr. A. N. Suryakar Location Nashik, Maharashtra, India Website www.muhs.ac.in Maharashtra University of Health Sciences(MUHS) is located in NashikDistrict, Maharashtra, India. The university was established on 3 June 1998 by the state Government of Maharashtrathrough an ordinance. The State Legislature passed Maharashtra University of Health Sciences Act 1999 (Act No X) and received the assent of the Governor, in the Maharashtra Government Gazette on 21 January 1999. The University was declared open by the Governor of Maharashtra on June 10, 1998 and all colleges and institutions imparting education in health science in the state of Maharashtra have been affiliated to this new university under Section 6(3) of the Act. [ 1 ] The University has been established for the purpose of ensuring proper and systematic instruction, teaching, training and research in modern medicine and Indian Systems of Medicine in the State of Maharashtra. Within 3yrs of formation a committee was formed in year 2000 by the Government Of Maharashtra to review the progress of the Maharashtra University of Health Sciences and to recommend measures for modifying its functions and responsibilities in the light of the new challenges faced by the university. Academics MUHS offers undergraduate and postgraduate studies including Ph.D. in all the branches of Health sciences. Undergraduate programmes of five and a half years, such as, Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery(MBBS) Bachelor of Ayurveda, Medicine and Surgery(BAMS), Bachelor of Homoeopathic Medicine and Surgery(BHMS) and Bachelor of Unani Medicine & Surgery (BUMS)are conducted by MUHS. Various dentaland nursingdegrees are also offered. Postgraduate courses awarded are also versatile including Doctor of Medicine(M.D.) in various areas, Master of Surgery(M.S.), as well as various Master of Science(M.Sc.) courses and other PG diplomas. First Year BHMS result of Winter2013 will be declared on 29March2014(Tentative date). Affiliated medical colleges Medical colleges affiliated with the university, as of July 2011: [ 2 ] 1. Grant Medical College, Mumbai 2. Seth Gordhandas Sunderdas Medical College, Mumbai 3. Topiwala National Medical College, Mumbai 4. Lokmanya Tilak Municipal Medical College, Sion, Mumbai 5. K J Somaiya medical college, Chunabhatti, Sion, Mumbai 6. Terna Medical College, Navi Mumbai. 7. Rajiv Gandhi Medical College, Kalwa, Thane 8. Armed Forces Medical College, Pune 9. B J Medical College, Pune 10. MIMER Medical College, Talegaon Dabhade 11. Govt. Medical College, Miraj, Sangli 12. Dr. V. M. Govt. Medical College, Solapur 13. RCSM Govt. Medical College, Kolhapur 14. Smt. Kashibai Navale Medical College, Pune 15. NDMVP’s Medical College, Nashik 16. S B H Govt. Medical College, Dhule 17. A.C.P.M. Medical College, Dhule 18. PDVVP’s Medical College, A’nagar 19. Government Medical College, Aurangabad 20. Government Medical College, Nanded 21. Swami Ramanand Teerth Rural Medical College, Ambejogai, Beed 22. M I M S R Medical College, Latur 23. Government Medical College, Latur 24. Government Medical college, Nagpur 25. Indira Gandhi Medical College, Nagpur 26. N K P Salve Institute of Medical College, Nagpur 27. Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Sevagram, Wardha 28. Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Memorial Medical College, Amravati 29. Shri Vasantrao Naik Government Medical College, Yavatmal 30. Government Medical College, Akola 31. Dr. Ulhas Patil Medical College, Jalgaon

What alternative to allopathic medicine ?

Unani-tibborUnani Medicinealso spelledYunani Medicine( / juː ˈ n ɑː n i /;Yūnānīin Arabic, Hindustani, Pashtoand Persian) is a form of traditional medicinepracticed in middle-east & south-Asian countries. It refers to a tradition of Graeco-Arabicmedicine, [ 1 ] [ 2 ]which is based on the teachings of Greek physician Hippocratesand Roman physician Galen, and developed into an elaborate medical system in middle age era by Arabian and Persian physicians, such as Rhazes(al-Razi), Avicenna(Ibn Sena), Al-Zahrawi, and Ibn Nafis. [ 3 ] Unani medicine is based on the concept of the four humours: Phlegm(Balgham), Blood (Dam), Yellow bile(Ṣafrā') and Black bile(Saudā'). [ 4 ] [ 5 ] [ 6 ]The time of origin is thus dated atcirca1025 AD, when Avicenna wroteThe Canon of Medicinein Persia. While he was primarily influenced by Greekand Islamic medicine, he was also influenced by the Indian medicalteachings of Sushrutaand Charaka. [ 7 ] [ 8 ] Unani medicine first arrived in India around 12th or 13th century with establishment of Delhi Sultanate(1206–1527) and Islamic rule over North Indiaand subsequently flourished under Mughal Empire. [ 4 ] [ 9 ] Alauddin Khiljihad several eminent Unani physicians (Hakims) in his royal courts. [ 10 ]In the coming years this royal patronage meant development of Unani practice in India, but also of Unani literature with the aid of Indian Ayurvedicphysicians. [ 3 ] [ 11 ] Diagnosis and treatment Unani classical literature consists of thousands of books. According to Unani medicine, management of any disease depends upon the diagnosis of disease. In the diagnosis, clinical features, i.e., signs, symptoms, laboratory features and mizaj (temperament) are important. Any cause and or factor is countered by Quwwat-e-Mudabbira-e-Badan (the power of body responsible to maintain health), the failing of which may lead to quantitatively or qualitatively derangement of the normal equilibrium of akhlat (humors) of body which constitute the tissues and organs. This abnormal humor leads to pathological changes in the tissues anatomically and physiologically at the affected site and exhibits the clinical manifestations. After diagnosing the disease, Usoole Ilaj (principle of management) of disease is determined on the basis of etiology in the following pattern: *.Izalae Sabab (elimination of cause) *.Tadeele Akhlat (normalization of humors) *.Tadeele Aza (normalization of tissues/organs) For fulfillment of requirements of principle of management, treatment is decided as per the Unani medicine which may be one or more of the following: *.Ilaj-Bil-Tadbeer wa Ilaj-Bil-Ghiza (Regimenal Therapy). The disease may be treated by the modification of six essential pre-requisites of health (Asbab-e-Sitta Zarooriya in Unani Tibbi terminology). Asbab-e-Sitta Zarooriya may be modified by the use of one or more regimens: i.e., Dalak, Riyazat, Hammam, Taleeq, Takmeed, Hijamat(Cupping Therapy), Fasd, Lakhlakha, Bakhur, Abzan, Shamoomat (Aromatherapy), Pashoya, Idrar, Ishal, Qai, Tareeq, Elam, Laza-e-Muqabil, Imalah and alteration of food. According to the norms of C.C.I.M. New Delhi, Department of Ilaj-Bil-Tadbeer has been established in almost all Unani Tibbi Colleges of India. In the State Unani Medical College, Allahabad, U.P. and State Takmeel-Ul-Tibb College, Lucknow, Department of Ilaj-Bil-Tadbeer is known as Moalijat Khususi. Moaliajt Khususi is the old nomenclature of Ilaj-Bil-Tadbeer, suggested by C.C.I.M. New Delhi. Ilaj-Bil-Tadbeer is synonym to Panchkarma in Ayurveda.

Amazing and effective Ayurved

There is no scientific evidence for the effectiveness of Ayurvedic medicine for the treatment of any disease. [ 8 ]Concerns have been raised about Ayurvedic products; U.S.studies showed that up to 20% of Ayurvedic U.S. and Indian-manufactured patent medicinessold through internet contained toxic levels of heavy metals such as lead, mercuryand arsenic. [ 9 ] [ 10 ] Eight components of Ayurveda In classical Sanskrit literature, Ayurveda was called "the science of eight components" (Sanskritaṣṭāṅgaअष्टांग), a classification that became canonical for Ayurveda: [ 11 ] [ 12 ] *.( General medicine) –Kāya-chikitsā: "cure of diseases affecting the body" *.( Pediatrics) –Kaumāra-bhṛtya: "treatment of children" *.( Surgery) –Śhalya-chikitsā: "removal of any substance which has entered the body (as extraction of darts, of splinters, etc.)" *.( Ophthalmology/ ENT/ Dentistry) –Śālākya-tantra: "cure of diseases of the teeth, eye, nose or ear etc. by sharp instruments"[ dubious] *.( Demonology/ exorcism/ psychiatry) – Bhoot (ghost)-vidyā: "treatment of mental diseases" *.( Toxicology) – Agada-tantra:Gada means Poison. "doctrine of antidotes" *.( Anti Agings) –Rasayana-tantra: "doctrine of Rasayana" *.( Aphrodisiacs) –Vājīkaraṇa tantra Principles and terminology Several philosophers in India combined religion and traditional medicine—notable examples being that of Hinduismand Ayurveda. Shown in the image is the philosopher Nagarjuna—known chiefly for his doctrine of the Madhyamaka(middle path)—who wrote medical worksThe Hundred PrescriptionsandThe Precious Collection, among others. [ 13 ] The three doṣas and the 5 elements from which they are composed. There are two ways in which to approach Ayurvedic principles and terminology: one may either focus on the historical foundation (as evidenced in the oldest Ayurvedic texts, going back to the early centuries of the Common Era) or, alternatively, a description may take an ethnographicapproach and focus on the forms of traditional medicine prevalent across India today. Much like the medicine of classical antiquity, Ayurveda has historically taken the approach of enumerating bodily substances in the framework of the five classical elements(Sanskrit[maha]panchabhuta, viz. earth, water, fire, airand aether. Moreover, Ayurveda names seven basic tissues ( dhatu). They are plasma (rasa), blood (rakta), muscles (maṃsa), fat (meda), bone (asthi), marrow(majja), and semen (shukra). [ 14 ] Further information: Mahābhūta Ayurveda states that a balance of the three elemental substances, the Doshas, equals health, while imbalance equals disease. There are threedoshas: Vata, Pitta and Kapha. One Ayurvedic theory states that each human possesses a unique combination of thesedoshaswhich define this person's temperament and characteristics. Each person has a natural state, or natural combination of these three elements, and should seek balance by modulating their behavior or environment. In this way they can increase or decrease the doshas they lack or have an abundance of respectively. Another view present in the ancient literature states that dosha equality is identical to health, and that persons with imbalance of dosha are proportionately unhealthy, because they are not in their natural state of balance. Prakritiis one of the most important concepts in Ayurveda. Further information: Dosha In Ayurvedic theory, there are 20 qualities or characteristics ( guṇas), which are inherent in all substances. They can be arranged in ten pairs of antonyms: heavy/light, cold/hot, unctuous/dry, dull/sharp, stable/mobile, soft/hard, non-slimy/slimy, smooth/coarse, minute/gross, viscous/liquid

Coplementary Occupations with Farming in India

Animal husbandry is the science which deals with the scientific ways of uses, rearing, tending and breeding animals. Man uses animals for food and several other purposes. ¤Some Occupations in India with Farming as Complementary Occupation to Enhance income. 1. Sheep rearing : i) Food of sheep : A farmer does not incur any expenditure to feed the sheep. Sheep feed by themselves on the leaves of bor and babhul tree, wild shrubs, stubble and waste of jowar, groundnuts and horse gram, etc. ii) Uses of sheep : Sheep give wool, meat, skin, and also manure through their droppings. One Indian sheep gives one and half kilogram of wool and 10 to 12 kg of meat. Nitrogen, phosphorous, potash and sodium content of the sheep droppings is very high. 2. Poultry farming : i) Layer hens that give eggs and broiler hens that supply meat are reared in poultry farming. ii) White leghorn which eats less and lays more egg is widely used for poultry. Each hen consumes 125 gms of nourishing diet daily and lays 200 to 250 eggs per year. Unfertilized eggs are used for eating purpose and are known as table eggs. There is no possibility of obtaining chicks from such eggs. 3. The variety of hens such as Broiler, Rhode Island Red and White leg horn are used for obtaining meat. In a period of 8 to 10 weeks, they become 1300 to 1500 gms in weight. 3. Pearl culture : Pearls are considered to be important in making ornaments, decorative articles and in embroidery since ancient times. This great demand has resulted into pearl industry. Naturally, pearls are formed in a marine animal called oyster. With the help of new technique a sand grain is inserted inside the oyster's body. This helps in the formation of larger cultured pearls. Cultured pearls are produced by oysters, they can't be considered as artificial ones. 4. The lac industry : In offices, sealing wax or lac is used to seal envelopes. This lac is also used for making beads and costume jwellery. Red coloured lac is the secretion produced by lac insect. Lac insects live on cacti or flame of the forest tree (palas). Lac is produced only in india. 5. Sericulture : High quality of silk fibres is secreted by silk worm. Since this is a profitable business the sikworms are reared. There are two types of silkworms, one that lives and feeds on a mulberry tree and the other that lives on ain tree. The worm living on mulberry tree yields very fine variety of silk while the one living on ain tree yields tussore silk. There are 4 stages in the life cycle of silkworm : These are eggs, larva, pupa, and adult moth or imago. The larva of silk substance from its salivary glands. This substance upon exposure to air becomes a silk thread. The larva winds the silk thread around its body to form cocoon. 6. Pisciculture : Both fresh water and marine fish are consumed as food. Earlier man depended upon catching the fish available naturally in the water bodies. Now Government supplies such good quality fish seed. This seeds or larval forms of fish (spawn) are reared in water bodies and fishes are grown into desirable and marketable sizes. Rohu, Catla, Mrigal and Carp are some fresh water fish while boi, muddushi, renavi and khasi are some of the marine fish which are used for pisciculture.