The heart of Chemical process

The heart of Chemical process

Distillation is a process ofseparating the component substances from a liquidmixture by selectiveevaporation andcondensation. Distillation may result in essentially complete separation (nearly pure components), or it may be a partial separation that increases the concentration of selected components of the mixture. In either case the process exploits differences in thevolatility of mixture's components. Inindustrial chemistry, distillation is aunit operation of practically universal importance, but it is a physical separation process and not achemical reaction. Commercially, distillation has many applications. For example: In the fossil fuel industry distillation is a major class of operation in obtaining materials fromcrude oil for fuels and for chemicalfeedstocks. Distillation permits separation of air into its components — notablyoxygen,nitrogen, andargon — forindustrial use. In the field of industrial chemistry, large ranges of crude liquid products ofchemical synthesis are distilled to separate them, either from other products, or from impurities, or from unreacted starting materials. Distillation offermented products producesdistilled beverages with a high alcohol content, or separates out other fermentation products of commercial value. An installation for distillation, especially of alcohol, is adistillery. The distillation equipment is astill.

news Nation

Best news of india only on News Nation

Ancient Aliens Mystery Continues

Its now time to get mysterious aliens, and their technologies are as same and advance than what we use today. For more detail dont forget to watch 25th now show.

Diwali : The festival of lamp

Diwali also known as Deepavali and the "festival of lights", is an ancient Hindu festival celebrated in autumn every year. [ 5 ] [ 6 ]The festival spiritually signifies the victory of light over darkness, knowledge over ignorance, good over evil, and hope over despair. [ 7 ] [ 8 ] [ 9 ]The festival preparations and rituals typically extend over a five day period, but the main festival night of Diwali coincides with the darkest, new moon night of the Hindu Lunisolar month Kartika. In the Gregorian calendar, Diwali night falls between mid-October and mid-November. Before Diwali night, people clean, renovate and decorate their homes and offices. [ 10 ]On Diwali night, Hindus dress up in new clothes or their best outfit, light up diyas(lamps and candles) inside and outside their home, participate in familypuja(prayers) typically to Lakshmi– the goddess of wealth and prosperity. Afterpuja, fireworks follow, [ 11 ]then a family feast includingmithai( sweets), and an exchange of gifts between family members and close friends. Diwali also marks a major shopping period in nations where it is celebrated. [ 12 ] Diwali is an important festival for Hindus. The name of festive days as well as the rituals of Diwali vary significantly among Hindus, based on the region of India. In many parts of India, [ 13 ]the festivities start with Dhanteras, followed by Naraka Chaturdasion second day, Diwali on the third day,Diwali Padvadedicated to wife–husband relationship on the fourth day, and festivities end with Bhau-beejdedicated to sister–brother bond on the fifth day. Dhanterasusually falls eighteen days after Dussehra. On the same night that Hindus celebrate Diwali, Jainscelebrate a festival of lights to mark the attainment of mokshaby Mahavira, [ 14 ] [ 15 ]and Sikhscelebrate Bandi Chhor Divas. [ 16 ] Diwali is an official holiday in India, [ 17 ] Nepal, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Mauritius, Guyana, Trinidad and Tobago, Suriname, Malaysia, Singaporeand Fiji. Etymology Diwali celebrations Indoor Diyadecoration on Naraka Chaturdasinight Outdoor Diya decoration on Diwali night Diwali lanterns before Dhanterasin Maharashtra A Nepalesetemple lighted up for Diwali Official Bandi Chhor Divas celebrations in Amritsar Diwali night fireworks over a city Rural celebrations – floatingDiyaover river Ganges DiwaliMithai( sweets) Diwali festivities include a celebration of sights, sounds, arts and flavors. The festivities vary between different regions. [ 18 ] [ 19 ] [ 20 ] Diwali is derived from the Sanskritfusion wordDīpāvali, formed fromdīpa(, "light" or "lamp" [ 21 ] [ 22 ]) andāvalī(, "series, line, row" [ 23 ]).DīpāvaliorDeepavalithus meant a "row" or "series of lights". [ 24 ]Tamil: ). Its celebration include millions of lights shining on housetops, outside doors and windows, around temples and other buildings in the communities and countries where it is observed. [ 18 ] Diwali (Englishpronunciation: / d ɨ ˈ w ɑː l iː /) [ 5 ]is variously spelled or pronounced in diverse languages of India: 'deepabali' ( Oriya:), 'deepaboli' ( Bengali:), 'deepavali' ( Assamese:, Kannada:, Malayalam:and Telugu:), 'divali' ( Gujarati:, Hindi:, Marathi:, Konkani: Punjabi:), 'diyari' ( Sindhi:), and 'tihar' ( Nepali:).

Diwali also known as Deepavali and the "festival of lights", is an ancient Hindu festival celebrated in autumn every year. [ 5 ] [ 6 ]The festival spiritually signifies the victory of light over darkness, knowledge over ignorance, good over evil, and hope over despair. [ 7 ] [ 8 ] [ 9 ]The festival preparations and rituals typically extend over a five day period, but the main festival night of Diwali coincides with the darkest, new moon night of the Hindu Lunisolar month Kartika. In the Gregorian calendar, Diwali night falls between mid-October and mid-November. Before Diwali night, people clean, renovate and decorate their homes and offices. [ 10 ]On Diwali night, Hindus dress up in new clothes or their best outfit, light up diyas(lamps and candles) inside and outside their home, participate in familypuja(prayers) typically to Lakshmi– the goddess of wealth and prosperity. Afterpuja, fireworks follow, [ 11 ]then a family feast includingmithai( sweets), and an exchange of gifts between family members and close friends. Diwali also marks a major shopping period in nations where it is celebrated. [ 12 ] Diwali is an important festival for Hindus. The name of festive days as well as the rituals of Diwali vary significantly among Hindus, based on the region of India. In many parts of India, [ 13 ]the festivities start with Dhanteras, followed by Naraka Chaturdasion second day, Diwali on the third day,Diwali Padvadedicated to wife–husband relationship on the fourth day, and festivities end with Bhau-beejdedicated to sister–brother bond on the fifth day. Dhanterasusually falls eighteen days after Dussehra. On the same night that Hindus celebrate Diwali, Jainscelebrate a festival of lights to mark the attainment of mokshaby Mahavira, [ 14 ] [ 15 ]and Sikhscelebrate Bandi Chhor Divas. [ 16 ] Diwali is an official holiday in India, [ 17 ] Nepal, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Mauritius, Guyana, Trinidad and Tobago, Suriname, Malaysia, Singaporeand Fiji. Etymology Diwali celebrations Indoor Diyadecoration on Naraka Chaturdasinight Outdoor Diya decoration on Diwali night Diwali lanterns before Dhanterasin Maharashtra A Nepalesetemple lighted up for Diwali Official Bandi Chhor Divas celebrations in Amritsar Diwali night fireworks over a city Rural celebrations – floatingDiyaover river Ganges DiwaliMithai( sweets) Diwali festivities include a celebration of sights, sounds, arts and flavors. The festivities vary between different regions. [ 18 ] [ 19 ] [ 20 ] Diwali is derived from the Sanskritfusion wordDīpāvali, formed fromdīpa(, "light" or "lamp" [ 21 ] [ 22 ]) andāvalī(, "series, line, row" [ 23 ]).DīpāvaliorDeepavalithus meant a "row" or "series of lights". [ 24 ]Tamil: ). Its celebration include millions of lights shining on housetops, outside doors and windows, around temples and other buildings in the communities and countries where it is observed. [ 18 ] Diwali (Englishpronunciation: / d ɨ ˈ w ɑː l iː /) [ 5 ]is variously spelled or pronounced in diverse languages of India: 'deepabali' ( Oriya:), 'deepaboli' ( Bengali:), 'deepavali' ( Assamese:, Kannada:, Malayalam:and Telugu:), 'divali' ( Gujarati:, Hindi:, Marathi:, Konkani: Punjabi:), 'diyari' ( Sindhi:), and 'tihar' ( Nepali:).

Sodium Oxide (Na2O)

Group - I & II Oxides Sodium Oxide Preparation : 1. By burning sodium at 180'C in a limited supply of air or oxygen and distilling off the excess of sodium in vaccum. 2Na + 1/2 O2 --180'C--> Na2O 2. By heating sodium peroxide, nitrate or nitrite with sodium Na2O2 + 2Na ---> 2Na2O 2NaNO3 + 10Na --> 6Na2O + N2 3. Sodium oxide is formed when the mixture of sodium azide and sodium nitrite is heated. 3NaN3 + NaNO2 --> 2NaNO3 + 5N2 Chemical Properties : 1. It is white amorphous substance. 2. It decomposes at 400'C into sodium peroxide and sodium. 3. It dissolve violently in water, yielding caustic soda (NaOH) and evolving a large amount of heat. Na2O + H2O --> 2NaOH Uses : It is used as dehydrating and polymerising agent in organic chemistry.

SODIUM PEROXIDE (NA2O2)

SODIUM PEROXIDE (Na2O2) Preparation : 1. By heating the metal in excess of air or oxygen at 300', which is free from moisture and CO2. 2Na + O2 (excess) --> Na2O2 2. Industrial method : It is a two stage reaction in the presence of excess air. 2Na + O2 --> Na2O Na2O + O2 --> Na2O2 Properties : 1. It is a pale yellow solid (when impure), becoming white in air from the formation of a film of NAOH AND NaCO3. 2. In cold water (~0'C) produces H2O2 but at room temperature produces O2. In ice cold mineral acids also produces H2O2. Na2O2 + 2H2O --> 2NaOH + H2O2 2Na2O2 + 2H2O --> 4NaOH + O2 Na2O2 + H2SO4 --> Na2SO4 + 2H2O +O2 3. It reacts with CO2, giving sodium carbonate and oxygen and hence its use for purifying air in a confined space e.g. Submarine, ill ventilated room. Na2O2 + CO --> Na2CO3 4. It is an oxidizing agent and oxidises charcoal, CO, NH3, SO2. 3Na2O2 + 2C --> 2Na2CO3 + 2Na [ deposition of metallic Na ] CO + Na2O2 --> Na2CO3 SO2 + Na2O2 --> Na2SO4 5. It contains peroxide ion [-O-O-]^-2 and it react with C6H5COCl formed benzoyl peroxide (BLEACHING agent ). So it acts as a powerful oxidising agent. a. Chromic compounds are oxidised to chromates. b. Manganous salt is oxidised to sodium mangamate. c. Sulphides are oxidised to corresponding sulphates

Oxides of Potassium

Potassium oxide Preparation : 1. By heating potassium nitrate with potassium nitrate with potassium. 2KNO3 + 10K --> 6K2O +N2 Potassium peroxide (K2O2) Preparation : By burning potassium at 300'C in a limited supply of air or oxygen. 2K + O2 --> K2O2 POTASSIUM Superoxide (KO2) Preparation : i. Passage O2 through a blue solution of K in liquid NH3 yields oxides K2O2, K2O3 , KO2 reacts with H2O and produces H2O2 and O2 both. ii. It is prepared by burning potassium in excess of oxygen free from moisture. K + O2 --> KO2 POTASSIUM SESQUIOXIDE (K2O3) preparation : It is obtained when oxygen is passed through liquid ammonia containing potassium . 4k + NH3 --> 2K2O3

Short Info : Magnesiun Oxide (MgO)

Magnesium Oxide (MgO) It is also called as milk of magnesia. Preparation : It is also called magnesia and obtained by heating natural magnesite. MgCO3 --^--> MgO + CO2 Properties : 1. It is white powder. 2. Its m.p is 2850c . Hence used in manufacture of refractory bricks for furnaces. And it is acts as basic flux and facilitates the removal of acidic impurities of Si, P, and S from steel through slag formation. 3. It is very slightly soluble in water imparting alkaline reaction.

Calcium Oxide (CaO)

Preparation : It is commonly called quick lime and made by decomposing line stone at a high temperature about 1000"C. CaCO3 --> CaO + CO2 + 42000 cal. Chemical properties : 1. It is white amorphous powder of m.p 2570 c. On exposure to atmosphere ; it absorbs moisture and carbon dioxide. CaO + H2O --> Ca(OH)2 CaO + CO2 --> CaCO3 2. It emits intense light (lime light), when heated in oxygen-hydrogen flame. 3. It combines with limited amount of water to produce slake lime. This process is called slaking of lime. Quick line slaked with sofa gives solid sodalime (CaO ). Being basic oxide. CaO + H2O --> Ca(OH)2 4. Soda lime (basic oxide) combines with some acidic oxides at high temperature. CaO + SiO2 --> CaSiO3 6CaO + S4O10 --> 2Ca3(PO4)2 CaO + CO2 --> CaCO3 Uses : i. It is an important primary material for manufacturing cement and is the cheapest form of alkali ii. It is used in the manufacture of sodium carbonate from caustic soda iii. It is employed in the purification of sugar and in the manufacture of eye stuffs Magnesium peroxide and Calcium peroxide : These are obtainned by passing H2O2 in a suspension of Mg(OH)2 AND Ca(OH)2 Uses : MgO2 is used as an antiseptic in tooth paste and as a bleaching agent.