micro economics

Microeconomics(from Greek prefixmikro-meaning "small" and economics) is a branch of economicsthat studies the behavior of individuals and small impacting organizations in making decisions on the allocation of limited resources (see scarcity). [ 1 ]Typically, it applies to marketswhere goodsor services are bought and sold. Microeconomics examines how these decisions and behaviors affect the supply and demandfor goods and services, which determines prices, and how prices, in turn, determine the quantity supplied and quantity demanded of goods and services. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] This is in contrast to macroeconomics, which involves the "sum total of economic activity, dealing with the issues of growth, inflation, and unemployment." [ 2 ]Microeconomics also deals with the effects of national economic policies (such as changing taxationlevels) on the aforementioned aspects of the economy. [ 4 ]Particularly in the wake of the Lucas critique, much of modern macroeconomic theory has been built upon ' microfoundations'—i.e. based upon basic assumptions about micro-level behavior. One of the goals of microeconomics is to analyze market mechanisms that establish relative pricesamongst goods and services and allocation of limited resources amongst many alternative uses. Microeconomics analyzes market failure, where markets fail to produce efficientresults, and describes the theoretical conditions needed for perfect competition. Significant fields of study in microeconomics include general equilibrium, markets under asymmetric information, choice under uncertaintyand economic applications of game theory. Also considered is the elasticityof products within the market system. Assumptions and definitions The fundamentals of Microeconomics lies in the analysis of the preferencerelations. Preference relations are defined simply to be a set of different choices that an actor can choose (a k-cell metric space) that actors can also compare between any two bundles of choices ( completenessof the relationship.) In order to analyze the problem further, the assumption of transitivityis added to the mix. These two assumptions of completeness and transitivity that are imposed upon the preference relations are what is termed rationality. Microeconomic analysis are conducted mainly through imposition of additional constraints on the preference relations or even relaxation of the above stated assumptions (most often transitivity) although such relaxation makes the problem much harder to analyze.

micro economics

Geothermal energy

Geothermal energyis thermal energygenerated and stored in the Earth. Thermal energy is the energy that determines the temperatureof matter. The geothermal energy of the Earth's crustoriginates from the original formation of the planet (20%) and from radioactive decayof minerals (80%). [ 1 ] [ 2 ]The geothermal gradient, which is the difference in temperature between the core of the planet and its surface, drives a continuous conduction of thermal energy in the form of heatfrom the core to the surface. The adjectivegeothermaloriginates from the Greek rootsγη (ge), meaning earth, andθερμος (thermos), meaning hot. Earth's internal heatis thermal energy generated from radioactive decay and continual heat loss from Earth's formation. [ 2 ]Temperatures at the core–mantle boundarymay reach over 4000 °C (7,200 °F). [ 3 ]The high temperature and pressure in Earth's interior cause some rock to melt and solid mantleto behave plastically, resulting in portions of mantle convectingupward since it is lighter than the surrounding rock. Rock and water is heated in the crust, sometimes up to 370 °C (700 °F).

Life

*. Non-cellular life( viruses) [ note 1 ] *. Cellular life Bacteria Archaea Eukarya Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia Lifeis a characteristic distinguishing physical entitieshaving signaling and self-sustaining processesfrom those that do not, [ 1 ] [ 2 ]either because such functions have ceased ( death), or because they lack such functions and are classified as inanimate. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] Biologyis scienceconcerned with the study of life. Any contiguous living system is called an organism. Organisms undergo metabolism, maintain homeostasis, can grow, respond to stimuli, reproduceand, through evolution, adapt to their environment in successive generations. More complex organisms can communicate through alternative means. [ 1 ] [ 5 ]A diverse array of living organisms can be found in the biosphereof Earth, and the properties common to these organisms— plants, animals, fungi, protists, archaea, and bacteria—are a carbon- and water-based cellularform with complex organizationand heritable geneticinformation.

Reasons for the decline in biodiversity.

Reasons for the decline in biodiversity : 1. The rate at which population explosion is taking place in our country is the main reason behind decline in biodiversity. 2. Single crop method of agriculture has endangered the biodiversity among the plant kingdom. 3. Due to the entry of hybrid and imported varieties of breeds, local breeds are replaced. 4. Cutting down of the trees. 5. Hunting of the animals. 6. Clearing off the land by cutting vegetation and utilizing it for human habitation. 7. Building dams, roads and factories. 8. Mining operations 9. Unbridled consumption of natural resources. 10. Destruction of habitats rich in biodiversitx. 11. Pollution in the environment. 12. Rising temperatures of the earth ( gloaal warming ) and climatic changes. Protection of rare species : 1. It is very important to protect rare plant and animal species. 2. Laws have been enacted to protect animals and plants of endangered species. 3. Creating National and Wildlife Sanctuaries. 4. Formation of Reserved Biodiversity Zones. 5. Specific and rare species to be nurtured through special projects. 6. Zoological and botanical gardens to be established for nurturing rare species of animals and plants respectively. 7. Compilation and documentation of traditional knowledge. Conservation of biodiversity throgh biotechnology : Local species have characteristics such as resistance to disease, survival in adverse conditions conditions and shorter life cycles. These species and the new varieties can be crossed with each other and the desirable characteristics can be preserved. Seed banks and gene banks can be helpful for such purpose. Thus biotechnology helps in conserving biodiversity. Reserved biodiversity zones : These are the areas in which wildlife is protected, but local people are allowed to carry out their daily activities.

Kangaroo : Special Feature of Kangaroo

Kangaroos is mainly found in Australia. The female kangaroo has a pouch on its abdomen. This pouch is called a marsupium. Inside the marsupium the young one completes its growth. Kangaroo is therefore called a marsupial animal. It feeds its young one through mammary glands. Kangaroo is mammal.

Kangaroos is mainly found in Australia. The female kangaroo has a pouch on its abdomen. This pouch is called a marsupium. Inside the marsupium the young one completes its growth. Kangaroo is therefore called a marsupial animal. It feeds its young one through mammary glands. Kangaroo is mammal.