Auspicious natural science.

Natural sciencesare the empirical sciencesendeavoring to explain or predict nature's phenomena. (Other empirical sciences— cognitive scienceslike artificial intelligence, behavioral scienceslike psychology, and social scienceslike economics—more directly focus on human and, in similitude, robotic functions and experiences.) There are five branches of natural science: astronomy, biology, chemistry, the Earth sciencesand physics. [ 1 ] [ 2 ]In recent years, a new domain called materials sciencehas emerged.[ citation needed]Each domain collaborates experimental/observational and theoretical/mathematical divisions. Via Western society's analytic tradition, the empirical and especially natural sciences heavily borrow tools from formal sciences, such as mathematics and logic—which concern abstract truths via relations among ideas—while history and humanitiesin turn borrow methods from empirical and even natural sciences. Yet empirical sciences relying more on qualitative research, such as social sciences, are sometimes called " soft science", whereas natural sciences, insofar as emphasizing quantifiabledata produced, tested, and confirmed via scientific methodare sometimes called " hard science". [ 3 ] Usually traced, especially via Aristotle, to ancient Greece, natural science succeeds natural philosophy, which Galileogave an experimental turn, Descartesgave a mechanicalturn, and Newtongave a mathematicalturn. Still, philosophical perspectives, conjectures, and presuppositions, often overlooked, remain requisite in natural science. [ 4 ]Systematic data collection, including discovery science, succeed natural history, which emerged in the 16th century by describing and classifying plants, animals, minerals, and so on. [ 5 ]Yet today,natural historysuggests observational descriptions aimed at popular audiences. [ 6 ] Criteria Main article: Philosophy of science Philosophers of science have suggested a number of criteria, including the Karl Popper's controversial falsifiabilitycriterion, to help them differentiate scientific endeavors from a non-scientific ones. Validity, accuracy, and social mechanisms ensuring quality control, such as peer reviewand repeatability of findings, are amongst the most respected criteria in present-day global scientific community. Branches of natural science Biology Main article: Biology A fragment of DNA, the chemical sequence that contains geneticinstructions for the developmentand functioning of living organisms This field encompasses a set of disciplines that examines phenomena related to living organisms. The scale of study can range from sub-component biophysicsup to complex ecologies. Biology is concerned with the characteristics, classificationand behaviorsof organisms, as well as how specieswere formed and their interactions with each other and the environment. The biological fields of botany, zoology, and medicinedate back to early periods of civilization, while microbiologywas introduced in the 17th century with the invention of the microscope. However, it was not until the 19th century that biology became a unified science. Once scientists discovered commonalities between all living things, it was decided they were best studied as a whole. Some key developments in biology were the discovery of genetics; Darwin'stheory of evolutionthrough natural selection; the germ theory of diseaseand the application of the techniques of chemistryand physicsat the level of the cellor organic molecule.

Maharashtra University of Health Sciences

Established3 June 1998 TypeGovernment University ChancellorK. Sankaranarayanan Vice-ChancellorDr. Arun Jamkar RegistrarDr. A. N. Suryakar Location Nashik, Maharashtra, India Website www.muhs.ac.in Maharashtra University of Health Sciences(MUHS) is located in NashikDistrict, Maharashtra, India. The university was established on 3 June 1998 by the state Government of Maharashtrathrough an ordinance. The State Legislature passed Maharashtra University of Health Sciences Act 1999 (Act No X) and received the assent of the Governor, in the Maharashtra Government Gazette on 21 January 1999. The University was declared open by the Governor of Maharashtra on June 10, 1998 and all colleges and institutions imparting education in health science in the state of Maharashtra have been affiliated to this new university under Section 6(3) of the Act. [ 1 ] The University has been established for the purpose of ensuring proper and systematic instruction, teaching, training and research in modern medicine and Indian Systems of Medicine in the State of Maharashtra. Within 3yrs of formation a committee was formed in year 2000 by the Government Of Maharashtra to review the progress of the Maharashtra University of Health Sciences and to recommend measures for modifying its functions and responsibilities in the light of the new challenges faced by the university. Academics MUHS offers undergraduate and postgraduate studies including Ph.D. in all the branches of Health sciences. Undergraduate programmes of five and a half years, such as, Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery(MBBS) Bachelor of Ayurveda, Medicine and Surgery(BAMS), Bachelor of Homoeopathic Medicine and Surgery(BHMS) and Bachelor of Unani Medicine & Surgery (BUMS)are conducted by MUHS. Various dentaland nursingdegrees are also offered. Postgraduate courses awarded are also versatile including Doctor of Medicine(M.D.) in various areas, Master of Surgery(M.S.), as well as various Master of Science(M.Sc.) courses and other PG diplomas. First Year BHMS result of Winter2013 will be declared on 29March2014(Tentative date). Affiliated medical colleges Medical colleges affiliated with the university, as of July 2011: [ 2 ] 1. Grant Medical College, Mumbai 2. Seth Gordhandas Sunderdas Medical College, Mumbai 3. Topiwala National Medical College, Mumbai 4. Lokmanya Tilak Municipal Medical College, Sion, Mumbai 5. K J Somaiya medical college, Chunabhatti, Sion, Mumbai 6. Terna Medical College, Navi Mumbai. 7. Rajiv Gandhi Medical College, Kalwa, Thane 8. Armed Forces Medical College, Pune 9. B J Medical College, Pune 10. MIMER Medical College, Talegaon Dabhade 11. Govt. Medical College, Miraj, Sangli 12. Dr. V. M. Govt. Medical College, Solapur 13. RCSM Govt. Medical College, Kolhapur 14. Smt. Kashibai Navale Medical College, Pune 15. NDMVP’s Medical College, Nashik 16. S B H Govt. Medical College, Dhule 17. A.C.P.M. Medical College, Dhule 18. PDVVP’s Medical College, A’nagar 19. Government Medical College, Aurangabad 20. Government Medical College, Nanded 21. Swami Ramanand Teerth Rural Medical College, Ambejogai, Beed 22. M I M S R Medical College, Latur 23. Government Medical College, Latur 24. Government Medical college, Nagpur 25. Indira Gandhi Medical College, Nagpur 26. N K P Salve Institute of Medical College, Nagpur 27. Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Sevagram, Wardha 28. Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Memorial Medical College, Amravati 29. Shri Vasantrao Naik Government Medical College, Yavatmal 30. Government Medical College, Akola 31. Dr. Ulhas Patil Medical College, Jalgaon

What alternative to allopathic medicine ?

Unani-tibborUnani Medicinealso spelledYunani Medicine( / juː ˈ n ɑː n i /;Yūnānīin Arabic, Hindustani, Pashtoand Persian) is a form of traditional medicinepracticed in middle-east & south-Asian countries. It refers to a tradition of Graeco-Arabicmedicine, [ 1 ] [ 2 ]which is based on the teachings of Greek physician Hippocratesand Roman physician Galen, and developed into an elaborate medical system in middle age era by Arabian and Persian physicians, such as Rhazes(al-Razi), Avicenna(Ibn Sena), Al-Zahrawi, and Ibn Nafis. [ 3 ] Unani medicine is based on the concept of the four humours: Phlegm(Balgham), Blood (Dam), Yellow bile(Ṣafrā') and Black bile(Saudā'). [ 4 ] [ 5 ] [ 6 ]The time of origin is thus dated atcirca1025 AD, when Avicenna wroteThe Canon of Medicinein Persia. While he was primarily influenced by Greekand Islamic medicine, he was also influenced by the Indian medicalteachings of Sushrutaand Charaka. [ 7 ] [ 8 ] Unani medicine first arrived in India around 12th or 13th century with establishment of Delhi Sultanate(1206–1527) and Islamic rule over North Indiaand subsequently flourished under Mughal Empire. [ 4 ] [ 9 ] Alauddin Khiljihad several eminent Unani physicians (Hakims) in his royal courts. [ 10 ]In the coming years this royal patronage meant development of Unani practice in India, but also of Unani literature with the aid of Indian Ayurvedicphysicians. [ 3 ] [ 11 ] Diagnosis and treatment Unani classical literature consists of thousands of books. According to Unani medicine, management of any disease depends upon the diagnosis of disease. In the diagnosis, clinical features, i.e., signs, symptoms, laboratory features and mizaj (temperament) are important. Any cause and or factor is countered by Quwwat-e-Mudabbira-e-Badan (the power of body responsible to maintain health), the failing of which may lead to quantitatively or qualitatively derangement of the normal equilibrium of akhlat (humors) of body which constitute the tissues and organs. This abnormal humor leads to pathological changes in the tissues anatomically and physiologically at the affected site and exhibits the clinical manifestations. After diagnosing the disease, Usoole Ilaj (principle of management) of disease is determined on the basis of etiology in the following pattern: *.Izalae Sabab (elimination of cause) *.Tadeele Akhlat (normalization of humors) *.Tadeele Aza (normalization of tissues/organs) For fulfillment of requirements of principle of management, treatment is decided as per the Unani medicine which may be one or more of the following: *.Ilaj-Bil-Tadbeer wa Ilaj-Bil-Ghiza (Regimenal Therapy). The disease may be treated by the modification of six essential pre-requisites of health (Asbab-e-Sitta Zarooriya in Unani Tibbi terminology). Asbab-e-Sitta Zarooriya may be modified by the use of one or more regimens: i.e., Dalak, Riyazat, Hammam, Taleeq, Takmeed, Hijamat(Cupping Therapy), Fasd, Lakhlakha, Bakhur, Abzan, Shamoomat (Aromatherapy), Pashoya, Idrar, Ishal, Qai, Tareeq, Elam, Laza-e-Muqabil, Imalah and alteration of food. According to the norms of C.C.I.M. New Delhi, Department of Ilaj-Bil-Tadbeer has been established in almost all Unani Tibbi Colleges of India. In the State Unani Medical College, Allahabad, U.P. and State Takmeel-Ul-Tibb College, Lucknow, Department of Ilaj-Bil-Tadbeer is known as Moalijat Khususi. Moaliajt Khususi is the old nomenclature of Ilaj-Bil-Tadbeer, suggested by C.C.I.M. New Delhi. Ilaj-Bil-Tadbeer is synonym to Panchkarma in Ayurveda.

Amazing and effective Ayurved

There is no scientific evidence for the effectiveness of Ayurvedic medicine for the treatment of any disease. [ 8 ]Concerns have been raised about Ayurvedic products; U.S.studies showed that up to 20% of Ayurvedic U.S. and Indian-manufactured patent medicinessold through internet contained toxic levels of heavy metals such as lead, mercuryand arsenic. [ 9 ] [ 10 ] Eight components of Ayurveda In classical Sanskrit literature, Ayurveda was called "the science of eight components" (Sanskritaṣṭāṅgaअष्टांग), a classification that became canonical for Ayurveda: [ 11 ] [ 12 ] *.( General medicine) –Kāya-chikitsā: "cure of diseases affecting the body" *.( Pediatrics) –Kaumāra-bhṛtya: "treatment of children" *.( Surgery) –Śhalya-chikitsā: "removal of any substance which has entered the body (as extraction of darts, of splinters, etc.)" *.( Ophthalmology/ ENT/ Dentistry) –Śālākya-tantra: "cure of diseases of the teeth, eye, nose or ear etc. by sharp instruments"[ dubious] *.( Demonology/ exorcism/ psychiatry) – Bhoot (ghost)-vidyā: "treatment of mental diseases" *.( Toxicology) – Agada-tantra:Gada means Poison. "doctrine of antidotes" *.( Anti Agings) –Rasayana-tantra: "doctrine of Rasayana" *.( Aphrodisiacs) –Vājīkaraṇa tantra Principles and terminology Several philosophers in India combined religion and traditional medicine—notable examples being that of Hinduismand Ayurveda. Shown in the image is the philosopher Nagarjuna—known chiefly for his doctrine of the Madhyamaka(middle path)—who wrote medical worksThe Hundred PrescriptionsandThe Precious Collection, among others. [ 13 ] The three doṣas and the 5 elements from which they are composed. There are two ways in which to approach Ayurvedic principles and terminology: one may either focus on the historical foundation (as evidenced in the oldest Ayurvedic texts, going back to the early centuries of the Common Era) or, alternatively, a description may take an ethnographicapproach and focus on the forms of traditional medicine prevalent across India today. Much like the medicine of classical antiquity, Ayurveda has historically taken the approach of enumerating bodily substances in the framework of the five classical elements(Sanskrit[maha]panchabhuta, viz. earth, water, fire, airand aether. Moreover, Ayurveda names seven basic tissues ( dhatu). They are plasma (rasa), blood (rakta), muscles (maṃsa), fat (meda), bone (asthi), marrow(majja), and semen (shukra). [ 14 ] Further information: Mahābhūta Ayurveda states that a balance of the three elemental substances, the Doshas, equals health, while imbalance equals disease. There are threedoshas: Vata, Pitta and Kapha. One Ayurvedic theory states that each human possesses a unique combination of thesedoshaswhich define this person's temperament and characteristics. Each person has a natural state, or natural combination of these three elements, and should seek balance by modulating their behavior or environment. In this way they can increase or decrease the doshas they lack or have an abundance of respectively. Another view present in the ancient literature states that dosha equality is identical to health, and that persons with imbalance of dosha are proportionately unhealthy, because they are not in their natural state of balance. Prakritiis one of the most important concepts in Ayurveda. Further information: Dosha In Ayurvedic theory, there are 20 qualities or characteristics ( guṇas), which are inherent in all substances. They can be arranged in ten pairs of antonyms: heavy/light, cold/hot, unctuous/dry, dull/sharp, stable/mobile, soft/hard, non-slimy/slimy, smooth/coarse, minute/gross, viscous/liquid

Coplementary Occupations with Farming in India

Animal husbandry is the science which deals with the scientific ways of uses, rearing, tending and breeding animals. Man uses animals for food and several other purposes. ¤Some Occupations in India with Farming as Complementary Occupation to Enhance income. 1. Sheep rearing : i) Food of sheep : A farmer does not incur any expenditure to feed the sheep. Sheep feed by themselves on the leaves of bor and babhul tree, wild shrubs, stubble and waste of jowar, groundnuts and horse gram, etc. ii) Uses of sheep : Sheep give wool, meat, skin, and also manure through their droppings. One Indian sheep gives one and half kilogram of wool and 10 to 12 kg of meat. Nitrogen, phosphorous, potash and sodium content of the sheep droppings is very high. 2. Poultry farming : i) Layer hens that give eggs and broiler hens that supply meat are reared in poultry farming. ii) White leghorn which eats less and lays more egg is widely used for poultry. Each hen consumes 125 gms of nourishing diet daily and lays 200 to 250 eggs per year. Unfertilized eggs are used for eating purpose and are known as table eggs. There is no possibility of obtaining chicks from such eggs. 3. The variety of hens such as Broiler, Rhode Island Red and White leg horn are used for obtaining meat. In a period of 8 to 10 weeks, they become 1300 to 1500 gms in weight. 3. Pearl culture : Pearls are considered to be important in making ornaments, decorative articles and in embroidery since ancient times. This great demand has resulted into pearl industry. Naturally, pearls are formed in a marine animal called oyster. With the help of new technique a sand grain is inserted inside the oyster's body. This helps in the formation of larger cultured pearls. Cultured pearls are produced by oysters, they can't be considered as artificial ones. 4. The lac industry : In offices, sealing wax or lac is used to seal envelopes. This lac is also used for making beads and costume jwellery. Red coloured lac is the secretion produced by lac insect. Lac insects live on cacti or flame of the forest tree (palas). Lac is produced only in india. 5. Sericulture : High quality of silk fibres is secreted by silk worm. Since this is a profitable business the sikworms are reared. There are two types of silkworms, one that lives and feeds on a mulberry tree and the other that lives on ain tree. The worm living on mulberry tree yields very fine variety of silk while the one living on ain tree yields tussore silk. There are 4 stages in the life cycle of silkworm : These are eggs, larva, pupa, and adult moth or imago. The larva of silk substance from its salivary glands. This substance upon exposure to air becomes a silk thread. The larva winds the silk thread around its body to form cocoon. 6. Pisciculture : Both fresh water and marine fish are consumed as food. Earlier man depended upon catching the fish available naturally in the water bodies. Now Government supplies such good quality fish seed. This seeds or larval forms of fish (spawn) are reared in water bodies and fishes are grown into desirable and marketable sizes. Rohu, Catla, Mrigal and Carp are some fresh water fish while boi, muddushi, renavi and khasi are some of the marine fish which are used for pisciculture.

Ship in bottle - Great arts

The Schooner Virginia Races the Pride of Baltimore II past Thimble Shoals Lighthouse. Created by marine artist Heather Gabrielle Rogers.The first known ship inside a bottle was created during the early years of the 19th century. Like other sailor-made art forms, these were created aboard old sailing ships in an era when sea voyages lasted months and sometimes years. Whalemen, during their idle hours, produced scrimshaw for family members, sweethearts, and friends. Decorative and utilitarian objects were carved from bone, ivory teeth, and baleen, and designs were engraved on the same materials. But other materials such as wood, rope and yarn were also used, and many interesting and decorative objects were created from these. Two tall ships pass each other in this early 20th century ship in a bottle diorama. It is not surprising then that an empty spirit or a medicine bottle lying around aboard ship might have spurred the imagination of a 19th century seaman into devising a way to display a model ship in it. Whatever the origin, the technique for placing ships into bottles was passed along and over time became a favored art form for sailors. Some sailors produced a facsimile of the ship that they sailed aboard; others may have created multiple ships passing by under full sail on rough painted clay seas or a diorama of a ship in harbor with the seaport in a background, a lighthouse at the harbor’s edge, possibly with tugboats in tow. These works can now be found in maritime museums around the world for there are few sailor-made decorations as nautical as a bottled ship. Tom Applegate prepares the US Coast Guard tall ship "Eagle" for launching in the bottle.Today, ship-in-bottle artists have taken the old sailor art form and produce exceptional works of art with microscopic detailing that will rival anyone’s imagination of “how did they get that in the bottle.” A selection of new works by Heather Gabrielle Rogers and Tom Applegate will also be a focus of this nautical show. The US Coast Guard tall ship "Eagle" under sail on blue clay seas. Skipjack Nautical Wares & Marine Gallery is hosting “Art in a Bottle,” a collection of exceptional ship-in-bottles and dioramas from the 19th century through the present and featuring recent creations by maritime artists Heather Gabrielle Rogers and Tom Applegate. Heather Gabrielle Rogers-As a passionate crafter of ships in bottles, Heather has developed a huge appreciation for the challenge of constructing these tiny ships with my main focus directed towards detail. Her overall goal is to always produce what appears to be a miniature version of a ship or vessel captured in a moment in time. Thomas Applegate- From as far back as he could remember he has had a love for the sea. In the early 1970's he made his first ship in a bottle, a brigantine. Being self taught, he found it very challenging and rewarding. Over the years, he has researched each vessel he has created in order to make them a work of art while being true to life

Endocrine glands.

It seems much important topic,

Exocrine glandsare glands of the exocrine system that secrete their essential product by way of a ductto some environment external to itself, either inside the body or on a surface of the body. Exocrine glands are one of two types of glands in the human body, the other being endocrine glands, which secrete their products directly into the bloodstream. Examples of exocrine glands include the sweat glands, salivary glands, mammary glands, and liver. Classification By structure Exocrine glands contain a glandular portion and a duct portion, the structures of which can be used to classify the gland. *.The duct portion may be branched (called compound) or unbranched (called simple). *.The glandular portion may be tubular or acinar, or may be a mix of the two (called tubuloacinar). If the glandular portion branches, then the gland is called a branched gland. By method of excretion Exocrine glands are named apocrine glands, holocrine glands, or merocrine glands based on how their products are excreted. *. Merocrineglands or (eccrine glands) - cells excrete their substances by exocytosis; for example, pancreatic acinar cells. *. Apocrineglands - a portion of the plasma membrane buds off the cell, containing the excretion. *. Holocrineglands - the entire cell disintegrates to excrete its substance; for example, sebaceous glands of the skin and nose. By product excreted *.Serous cells excrete proteins, often enzymes. Examples include chief cells and Paneth cells *.Mucous cells excrete mucus. Examples include Brunner's glands, esophageal glands, and pyloric glands *.Mixed glands excrete both protein and mucus. Examples include the salivary glands, although the parotid gland is predominantly serous, the sublingual gland is predominantly mucous, and the submandibular gland is both serous and mucous.

Pregnancy

Pregnancyis the development of one or more offspring, known as an embryoor fetus, in a woman's uterus. It is the common name for gestationin humans. A multiple pregnancyinvolves more than one embryo or fetus in a single pregnancy, such as with twins. Childbirthusually occurs about 38 weeks after conception; in women who have a menstrual cycle length of four weeks, this is approximately 40 weeks from the start of the last normal menstrual period (LNMP). Human pregnancy is the most studied of all mammalian pregnancies. Conception can be achieved through sexual intercourseor assisted reproductive technology. An embryois the developing offspring during the first 8 weeks following conception, and subsequently the termfetusis used until birth. [ 1 ] [ 2 ]In many societies' medical or legal definitions, human pregnancy is somewhat arbitrarily divided into three trimester periods of three months each, as a means to simplify reference to the different stages of prenatal development. The first trimester carries the highest risk of miscarriage(natural death of embryo or fetus). During the second trimester, the development of the fetus can be more easily monitored and diagnosed. The third trimester is marked by further growth of the fetus and the development of fetal fatstores. [ 3 ]The point of fetal viability, or the point in time at which fetal life outside of the uterusis possible, usually coincides with the late second or early third trimesters; babies born at this early point in development are at high risk for having medical conditionsand dying. [ 4 ] In the United States and United Kingdom, 40% of pregnancies are unplanned, and between a quarter and half of those unplanned pregnancies were unwanted pregnancies. [ 5 ] [ 6 ]Of those unintended pregnancies that occurred in the US, 60% of the women used birth controlto some extent during the month pregnancy occurred.

My worst ever nightmare

Can I tell you my worst nightmare? I’m lying in bed in a nursing home, sick and dying, gasping for breath, knowing that any minute now I’ll be passing into the great beyond. And I’m scared, really, reallyscared, because I’m all alone, and I don’t know what’s going to happen, and oh God, it hurts so much… But then it stops. My body goes limp, my last breath rattles from my lungs, my bowels release, and the heart monitor beside the bed flat lines, loudly proclaiming the end of the great and mighty Jon Morrow. A few moments later, a nurse walks into the room, checks my pulse, and looks at her watch. She writes down my time of death on a form, pulls the sheet over my head, and goes back to her office, where she calls the morgue. A day or two later, I’m cremated with five other bodies, all of us too important to even get our own urn. And the worst part? The next day, the sun comes up. The birds are singing. People eat breakfast, go to work, attend meetings… and nobody even notices I’m gone. The great wheel keeps on turning, and for better or worse, I’m forgotten. Goodbye cruel world, nobody gave a damn about me after all. Scary, isn’t it? Just writing it down gives me the willies. It’s not just dying, although that’s certainly gruesome. It’s being forgotten. Down deep, I believe all of us have a primal need to be remembered, to pass something on to future generations, to leave some mark on the world saying, “I was here.” If we’re being honest, I think maybe that’s one of the reasons many of us start blogging. There’s something immensely comforting about knowing your thoughts are out there for the whole world to read. You could kick the bucket tomorrow, but your words will live on, teaching, inspiring, and taking root in the minds of readers for generations to come. Or at least that’s the idea. Whatreallyhappens, of course, is that you pour your heart and soul into a post, and no one seems to care. No comments, no links, no nothing. Come on over, friends, and check out my blog. We’re watching my ideas die in real time. Yuk, yuk, yuk. And it’s disturbing. When you pull up your blog, and you see it says “0 comments” next to every post, you feel likenothing has changed. Once again, you’re slipping through the cracks, passing into oblivion, one more nobody with a stupid little blog, God save your soul. The good news? Itcanchange. You just have to realize your writing by itself isn’t a magic key to immortality. If you want that, you have to be unforgettable. You have to touch people so deeply, connect with them so powerfully that your ideas are burned into their minds.