Organic Chemestry

Organic chemistryis a chemistrysubdiscipline involving the scientificstudy of the structure, properties, and reactions of organic compoundsand organic materials, i.e., matter in its various forms that contain carbon atoms. [ 1 ]Study of structure includes using spectroscopy (e.g., NMR), mass spectrometry, and other physical and chemical methods to determine the chemical compositionand constitutionof organic compounds and materials. Study of properties includes both physical propertiesand chemical properties, and uses similar methods as well as methods to evaluate chemical reactivity, with the aim to understand the behavior of the organic matter in its pure form (when possible), but also in solutions, mixtures, and fabricated forms. The study of organic reactionsincludes probing their scope through use in preparation of target compounds (e.g., natural products, drugs, polymers, etc.) by chemical synthesis, as well as the focused study of the reactivitiesof individual organic molecules, both in the laboratory and via theoretical ( in silico) study. The range of chemicals studied in organic chemistry include hydrocarbons, compounds containing only carbonand hydrogen, as well as myriad compositions based always on carbon, but also containing other elements, [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ]especially: *.oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus (these, included in many organic chemicals in biology) and the radiostableof the halogens. In the modern era, the range extends further into the periodic table, with main group elements, including: *.Group 1 and 2 organometallic compounds, i.e., involving alkali(e.g., lithium, sodium, and potassium) or alkaline earth metals(e.g., magnesium), or *. metalloids(e.g., boron and silicon) or other metals(e.g., aluminum and tin). In addition, much modern research focuses on organic chemistry involving further organometallics, including the lanthanides, but especially the: *. transition metals(e.g., zinc, copper, palladium, nickel, cobalt, titanium, chromium, etc.). Line-angle representation Ball-and-stick representation Space-filling representation Three representations of an organic compound, 5α-Dihydroprogesterone(5α-DHP), a steroid hormone. For molecules showing color, the carbon atoms are in black, hydrogens in gray, and oxygens in red. In the line angle representation, carbon atoms are implied at every terminus of a line and vertex of multiple lines, and hydrogen atoms are implied to fill the remaining needed valences (up to 4). Finally, organic compoundsform the basis of all earthly lifeand constitute a significant part of human endeavors in chemistry. The bonding patterns open to carbon, with its valence of four—formal single, double, and triple bonds, as well as various structures with delocalized electrons—make the array of organic compounds structurally diverse, and their range of applications enormous. They either form the basis of, or are important constituents of, many commercial products including pharmaceuticals; petrochemicalsand products made from them (including lubricants, solvents, etc.); plastics; fuelsand explosives; etc. As indicated, the study of organic chemistry overlaps with organometallic chemistryand biochemistry, but also with medicinal chemistry, polymer chemistry, as well as many aspects of materials science. [ 1 ] Periodic tableof elements of interest in organic chemistry. The table illustrates all elementsof current interest in modern organic and organometallicchemistry, indicating main group elementsin orange, and transition metalsand lanthanides(Lan) in grey.